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mouse anti human pvrl4 igg2b  (R&D Systems)


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    Structured Review

    R&D Systems mouse anti human pvrl4 igg2b
    Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of <t>PVRL4</t> and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:
    Mouse Anti Human Pvrl4 Igg2b, supplied by R&D Systems, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 13 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/mouse+anti+human+pvrl4+igg2b/Human+Nectin-4+Antibody/10__7554_slash_elife__00358-280-24-29
    Average 90 stars, based on 13 article reviews
    mouse anti human pvrl4 igg2b - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    90/100 stars

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    1) Product Images from "A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis"

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis

    Journal: eLife

    doi: 10.7554/elife.00358

    Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of PVRL4 and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:
    Figure Legend Snippet: Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of PVRL4 and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Construct, shRNA, Stable Transfection, Transduction, Control, Western Blot

    Figure 5. PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment promotes anchorage-independence via integrin β4-associated signaling. (A) Cell surface-localized proteins interacting with HA/FLAG-tagged PVRL4, but not with HA/FLAG-tagged GFP, as determined by mass spectrometry. (B) TL-HMECs expressing HA/FLAG tagged PVRL4 or HA/FLAG-tagged GFP were detached from the adherent surface with the enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer and incubated in suspension for 1 hr. Immunoprecipitations were performed with HA beads, followed by Western blot with FLAG and integrin β4 antibody. (C) TL-HMECs expressing vector control, PVRL4, or myr-PI3K were stably transduced with the indicated shRNA constructs and integrin β4 levels were assayed by Western blot. (D) TL-HMECs from (C) were assayed for anchorage-independent colony formation. Colony numbers were normalized to the vector control sample. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (E) TL-HMECs stably transduced with the indicated constructs were Figure 5. Continued on next page
    Figure Legend Snippet: Figure 5. PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment promotes anchorage-independence via integrin β4-associated signaling. (A) Cell surface-localized proteins interacting with HA/FLAG-tagged PVRL4, but not with HA/FLAG-tagged GFP, as determined by mass spectrometry. (B) TL-HMECs expressing HA/FLAG tagged PVRL4 or HA/FLAG-tagged GFP were detached from the adherent surface with the enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer and incubated in suspension for 1 hr. Immunoprecipitations were performed with HA beads, followed by Western blot with FLAG and integrin β4 antibody. (C) TL-HMECs expressing vector control, PVRL4, or myr-PI3K were stably transduced with the indicated shRNA constructs and integrin β4 levels were assayed by Western blot. (D) TL-HMECs from (C) were assayed for anchorage-independent colony formation. Colony numbers were normalized to the vector control sample. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (E) TL-HMECs stably transduced with the indicated constructs were Figure 5. Continued on next page

    Techniques Used: Cell Attachment Assay, Mass Spectrometry, Expressing, Incubation, Suspension, Western Blot, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Stable Transfection, Transduction, shRNA, Construct

    Figure 6. PVRL4 is amplified in breast cancer and is essential for the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. (A) A view from the integrated Genome Viewer program showing focal amplification of the PVRL4 locus in SUM190 cells. The degree of amplification is denoted by the intensity of the color. (B) PVRL4 mRNA was stably depleted from SUM190 cells by four independent shRNAs. Transcript levels were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to β-actin. qPCR was performed in quadruplicate (error bars ± SD). PVRL4-depleted and control cells were assayed for clonogenic survival and anchorage- independent colony formation. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). All values were normalized to the uninfected control sample. ECM: extracellular matrix. (C) The PVRL4-CD8 chimeric construct was used to rescue the defect in clonogenic survival observed with RNAi-mediated PVRL4 depletion. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). Colony numbers were normalized to the control shRNA sample. (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.021 The following figure supplements are available for figure 6:
    Figure Legend Snippet: Figure 6. PVRL4 is amplified in breast cancer and is essential for the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. (A) A view from the integrated Genome Viewer program showing focal amplification of the PVRL4 locus in SUM190 cells. The degree of amplification is denoted by the intensity of the color. (B) PVRL4 mRNA was stably depleted from SUM190 cells by four independent shRNAs. Transcript levels were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to β-actin. qPCR was performed in quadruplicate (error bars ± SD). PVRL4-depleted and control cells were assayed for clonogenic survival and anchorage- independent colony formation. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). All values were normalized to the uninfected control sample. ECM: extracellular matrix. (C) The PVRL4-CD8 chimeric construct was used to rescue the defect in clonogenic survival observed with RNAi-mediated PVRL4 depletion. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). Colony numbers were normalized to the control shRNA sample. (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.021 The following figure supplements are available for figure 6:

    Techniques Used: Amplification, Transformation Assay, Stable Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Construct, shRNA, Expressing, Western Blot

    Figure 7. Targeting PVRL4 inhibits tumor growth. (A) and (B) Female nude mice were injected into their mammary fat pads with SUM190 cells expressing PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). The resulting tumors were excised, scaled (A), and photographed (B). (C) SUM185 cells were stably transduced with PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA and injected into the mammary fat pads of female nude mice (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). Tumor volume was measured with calipers at the indicated time points. (D) Female nude mice with ∼50 mm3 SUM190-eGFP xenografts were randomized into two cohorts (n = 7 per group) and injected with anti-PVRL4 monoclonal antibodies or control IgG on the indicated days. Tumor volume was measured with calipers (error bars ± SEM). (E) Levels of PVRL4 protein were measured in tumor lysates from anti-PVRL4 antibody or control-treated mice, 7 days after the last treatment. (F) Tumor sections from control IgG (A–C) or anti-PVRL4 antibody-treated (D–F) mice were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and photographed. Representative images are shown. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.029 The following figure supplements are available for figure 7:
    Figure Legend Snippet: Figure 7. Targeting PVRL4 inhibits tumor growth. (A) and (B) Female nude mice were injected into their mammary fat pads with SUM190 cells expressing PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). The resulting tumors were excised, scaled (A), and photographed (B). (C) SUM185 cells were stably transduced with PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA and injected into the mammary fat pads of female nude mice (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). Tumor volume was measured with calipers at the indicated time points. (D) Female nude mice with ∼50 mm3 SUM190-eGFP xenografts were randomized into two cohorts (n = 7 per group) and injected with anti-PVRL4 monoclonal antibodies or control IgG on the indicated days. Tumor volume was measured with calipers (error bars ± SEM). (E) Levels of PVRL4 protein were measured in tumor lysates from anti-PVRL4 antibody or control-treated mice, 7 days after the last treatment. (F) Tumor sections from control IgG (A–C) or anti-PVRL4 antibody-treated (D–F) mice were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and photographed. Representative images are shown. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.029 The following figure supplements are available for figure 7:

    Techniques Used: Injection, Expressing, Control, shRNA, Stable Transfection, Transduction, Bioprocessing, Staining

    Related Articles

    Expressing:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Construct:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    shRNA:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Stable Transfection:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Transduction:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Control:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Cell Attachment Assay:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Mass Spectrometry:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Incubation:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Suspension:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Amplification:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Transformation Assay:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Quantitative RT-PCR:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Injection:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Bioprocessing:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Staining:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Mutagenesis:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Isolation:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Labeling:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Microscopy:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Fluorescence:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Infection:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Software:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Lysis:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Positive Control:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Transfection:

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis
    Article Snippet: For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.For each assay, an average of three replicates ± SD is shown.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.. For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of PP2 inhibitor, PP2 (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA) was used at 10 μM final concentration.



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    Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of <t>PVRL4</t> and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:
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    Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of PVRL4 and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis

    doi: 10.7554/elife.00358

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Expression of extracellular regions of PVRL4 and PVRL1 on the cell surface is sufficient for anchorage-independence. (A) Schematics of chimeric constructs containing extracellular domains of PVRL4 or an shRNA-resistant version of PVRL1 fused to the transmembrane domain of CD8 (blue). (B) and (C) TL-HMECs were stably transduced with the indicated combinations of expression constructs and assayed for anchorage-independent growth (B) and clustering (C). Colony numbers were normalized to the control sample. Anchorage-independent colony formation assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.011 The following figure supplements are available for figure 4:

    Article Snippet: For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.

    Techniques: Expressing, Construct, shRNA, Stable Transfection, Transduction, Control, Western Blot

    Figure 5. PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment promotes anchorage-independence via integrin β4-associated signaling. (A) Cell surface-localized proteins interacting with HA/FLAG-tagged PVRL4, but not with HA/FLAG-tagged GFP, as determined by mass spectrometry. (B) TL-HMECs expressing HA/FLAG tagged PVRL4 or HA/FLAG-tagged GFP were detached from the adherent surface with the enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer and incubated in suspension for 1 hr. Immunoprecipitations were performed with HA beads, followed by Western blot with FLAG and integrin β4 antibody. (C) TL-HMECs expressing vector control, PVRL4, or myr-PI3K were stably transduced with the indicated shRNA constructs and integrin β4 levels were assayed by Western blot. (D) TL-HMECs from (C) were assayed for anchorage-independent colony formation. Colony numbers were normalized to the vector control sample. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (E) TL-HMECs stably transduced with the indicated constructs were Figure 5. Continued on next page

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis

    doi: 10.7554/elife.00358

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 5. PVRL4-driven cell-to-cell attachment promotes anchorage-independence via integrin β4-associated signaling. (A) Cell surface-localized proteins interacting with HA/FLAG-tagged PVRL4, but not with HA/FLAG-tagged GFP, as determined by mass spectrometry. (B) TL-HMECs expressing HA/FLAG tagged PVRL4 or HA/FLAG-tagged GFP were detached from the adherent surface with the enzyme-free cell dissociation buffer and incubated in suspension for 1 hr. Immunoprecipitations were performed with HA beads, followed by Western blot with FLAG and integrin β4 antibody. (C) TL-HMECs expressing vector control, PVRL4, or myr-PI3K were stably transduced with the indicated shRNA constructs and integrin β4 levels were assayed by Western blot. (D) TL-HMECs from (C) were assayed for anchorage-independent colony formation. Colony numbers were normalized to the vector control sample. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). (E) TL-HMECs stably transduced with the indicated constructs were Figure 5. Continued on next page

    Article Snippet: For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.

    Techniques: Cell Attachment Assay, Mass Spectrometry, Expressing, Incubation, Suspension, Western Blot, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Stable Transfection, Transduction, shRNA, Construct

    Figure 6. PVRL4 is amplified in breast cancer and is essential for the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. (A) A view from the integrated Genome Viewer program showing focal amplification of the PVRL4 locus in SUM190 cells. The degree of amplification is denoted by the intensity of the color. (B) PVRL4 mRNA was stably depleted from SUM190 cells by four independent shRNAs. Transcript levels were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to β-actin. qPCR was performed in quadruplicate (error bars ± SD). PVRL4-depleted and control cells were assayed for clonogenic survival and anchorage- independent colony formation. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). All values were normalized to the uninfected control sample. ECM: extracellular matrix. (C) The PVRL4-CD8 chimeric construct was used to rescue the defect in clonogenic survival observed with RNAi-mediated PVRL4 depletion. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). Colony numbers were normalized to the control shRNA sample. (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.021 The following figure supplements are available for figure 6:

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis

    doi: 10.7554/elife.00358

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. PVRL4 is amplified in breast cancer and is essential for the transformed phenotype of cancer cells. (A) A view from the integrated Genome Viewer program showing focal amplification of the PVRL4 locus in SUM190 cells. The degree of amplification is denoted by the intensity of the color. (B) PVRL4 mRNA was stably depleted from SUM190 cells by four independent shRNAs. Transcript levels were measured by RT-qPCR and normalized to β-actin. qPCR was performed in quadruplicate (error bars ± SD). PVRL4-depleted and control cells were assayed for clonogenic survival and anchorage- independent colony formation. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). All values were normalized to the uninfected control sample. ECM: extracellular matrix. (C) The PVRL4-CD8 chimeric construct was used to rescue the defect in clonogenic survival observed with RNAi-mediated PVRL4 depletion. Assays were performed in triplicate (error bars ± SD). Colony numbers were normalized to the control shRNA sample. (D) Expression levels of endogenous and chimeric proteins were verified by Western blot. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.021 The following figure supplements are available for figure 6:

    Article Snippet: For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.

    Techniques: Amplification, Transformation Assay, Stable Transfection, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Construct, shRNA, Expressing, Western Blot

    Figure 7. Targeting PVRL4 inhibits tumor growth. (A) and (B) Female nude mice were injected into their mammary fat pads with SUM190 cells expressing PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). The resulting tumors were excised, scaled (A), and photographed (B). (C) SUM185 cells were stably transduced with PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA and injected into the mammary fat pads of female nude mice (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). Tumor volume was measured with calipers at the indicated time points. (D) Female nude mice with ∼50 mm3 SUM190-eGFP xenografts were randomized into two cohorts (n = 7 per group) and injected with anti-PVRL4 monoclonal antibodies or control IgG on the indicated days. Tumor volume was measured with calipers (error bars ± SEM). (E) Levels of PVRL4 protein were measured in tumor lysates from anti-PVRL4 antibody or control-treated mice, 7 days after the last treatment. (F) Tumor sections from control IgG (A–C) or anti-PVRL4 antibody-treated (D–F) mice were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and photographed. Representative images are shown. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.029 The following figure supplements are available for figure 7:

    Journal: eLife

    Article Title: A role for PVRL4-driven cell–cell interactions in tumorigenesis

    doi: 10.7554/elife.00358

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Targeting PVRL4 inhibits tumor growth. (A) and (B) Female nude mice were injected into their mammary fat pads with SUM190 cells expressing PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). The resulting tumors were excised, scaled (A), and photographed (B). (C) SUM185 cells were stably transduced with PVRL4-targeted or control shRNA and injected into the mammary fat pads of female nude mice (n = 10 per group, error bars ± SEM). Tumor volume was measured with calipers at the indicated time points. (D) Female nude mice with ∼50 mm3 SUM190-eGFP xenografts were randomized into two cohorts (n = 7 per group) and injected with anti-PVRL4 monoclonal antibodies or control IgG on the indicated days. Tumor volume was measured with calipers (error bars ± SEM). (E) Levels of PVRL4 protein were measured in tumor lysates from anti-PVRL4 antibody or control-treated mice, 7 days after the last treatment. (F) Tumor sections from control IgG (A–C) or anti-PVRL4 antibody-treated (D–F) mice were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and photographed. Representative images are shown. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.00358.029 The following figure supplements are available for figure 7:

    Article Snippet: For anchorage-independent colony formation assays in the presence of antibodies, the following antibodies were used: normal mouse IgG (MAB004; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) and mouse anti-human PVRL4 IgG2B (MAB2659; R&D Systems) at 4 μg/ml.

    Techniques: Injection, Expressing, Control, shRNA, Stable Transfection, Transduction, Bioprocessing, Staining